Mus 354 Exam 1 Essay - 1672 Words

http://cfaonline.asu.edu/beatles E-mail preferred: mus354 beatles@mainex1.asu.edu The Beatles †¢ John Hannon – vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, song writer †¢ Paul McCartney – vocals, bass, guitar, keyboards, song writer †¢ George Harrison – (Jazz), vocals, lead guitar, song writer (â€Å"something†) †¢ Richard Starkey (Ringo Starr) – vocals, drums †¢ Left-handed: Paul and Ringo Paul is a perfectionist Ringo – short, more like human being, oldest, older than John by 3 month 4 stage career – †¢ 1958-1963 – formative, U.K. hits 62-63: â€Å" Please please me†, â€Å"Love me do† 63: â€Å"She loves you, yeah yeah yeah†, â€Å"I want to hold your hand† †¢ 1964-1965 – U.S. and World tours, pop hits †¢ 1966-1968 – psychedelic sound and concept albums†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬â€œ double lead vocals †¢ Two after versions released, one with session drummer, one with Ringo on drums †¢ Not an impressive song †¢ Epstein helps song hit charts †¢ First Beatles single †¢ First Beatles song on chart â€Å"How do you do it† M. Murray †¢ First proper Abbey Road studio recording, not an audition †¢ Beatles recorded song at George Martin’s insistence †¢ Song hits for Gerry and the Pacemakers in 1963 â€Å"Please please me† †¢ John’s song, sings lead †¢ †¢ †¢ G. Martin realizes this song will reach No. 1 on the British charts First real Beatles success Performed on tours and Sullivan show Please please me album released †¢ Session completed in one day †¢ No overdubs or studio effects †¢ Cover photo looking down from building railing later re-staged for compilation album Mal Evans – equipment and road manager Neil Aspinal – driver and road manager â€Å"Misery† (L M) †¢ Rarity features George playing guitar riffs later added by George Martin on piano †¢ John’s song, shares lead vocal with Paul †¢ Vocal harmony intro is effective †¢ John’s delivery of lyrics is tongue-in-cheek â€Å"Do You Want To Know a Secret† †¢ George sings lead on John’s song †¢ Unique chord structure shows †¢ John’s writing style developing †¢Show MoreRelatedexam1 B Essays1309 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿MUS 354: The Beatles After the Beatles (Fall 2012) You are signed in as: Zhi Rao Top of Form Sign Out Bottom of Form Home Classroom Exams/Assignments Grades Help Exam #1 Time Limit 50 minutes Starting Time 7:54 pm Arizona time Top of Form 1 In September of 1971, John and Yoko make their first appearance on _____________, where they discuss the Beatles break-up and show clips from Fly and Imagine. That November, George will also appear on this US TV show, discussing Monty Pythons FlyingRead MoreMUS 354 exam 2 c1247 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿MUS 354: The Beatles After the Beatles (Fall B 2013) You are signed in as: Pan Chen Top of Form Sign Out Bottom of Form Home Classroom Exams/Assignments Grades Help Exam #2 Time Limit 50 minutes Starting Time 10:18 pm Arizona time Top of Form 1 In April of 1979, a U.S. court finds the Beatle s former manager _________ guilty of tax evasion and he is sentenced to serve two months of a two-year sentence in prison.   Brian Epstein   Mal Evans   Allen Klein   George Martin   Pete Best 2 ____________Read MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pages............................................................................................................ 1 Editor’s note: The Echeruo (1997) and Igwe (1999) Igbo dictionaries ...................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Earlier lexicographical work on Igbo.......................................................................

Vocal Music Essay - 720 Words

Vocal Music The Classical era was primarily a period of instrumental music. The major composers of the time focused on new instrumental styles and forms. Vocal music wasnt nearly as important as it had been in the past. The Lieder (songs) written by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven are not considered to be as important as their instrumental work. The operas composed by Haydn to entertain the guests at Esterhà ¡zy have vanished into history, and Beethoven wrote only one opera, Fidelio. However, the age did have some significant and lasting achievements in the area of vocal music. Specifically, some of the large choral works of Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven, including many of Mozarts operas made lasting contributions to the body of vocal†¦show more content†¦The audience could easily understand and identify with the characters, and the music was much more approachable. Comic opera was known as opera buffa in Italy, opà ©ra comique in France, and Singspiel in Germany. There were many opera composers during this time. W. A. Mozart and, later, during the 1800s, Gioacchino Rossini were the two most famous opera composers of the period. Their works are still performed for modern audiences all over the world. Mozarts best known operas include: †¢Don Giovanni (1787) †¢The Marriage of Figaro (1786) †¢The Magic Flute (1791) Rossinis most popular works include: †¢Tancredi (1813) †¢Th Barber of Seville (1816) †¢La Cenerentola (Cinderella - 1817) †¢William Tell (1829) Lorenzo Da Ponte, whose original name was Emmanuele Conegliano, was a poet, priest, and notorious womaniser, who wrote the librettos for The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni and Cosi Fan Tutte. Born in the Jewish ghetto of Venice, he converted to Catholicism and became a priest as a youth and went into a string of seductions that even his friend Casanova couldnt match. After a somewhat chequered career that took him to Vienna, Paris, and London, he left for New York City, fleeing his creditors. He ended his days as the first teacher of Italian at Columbia University in New York. Opera came of age with the work ofShow MoreRelatedPalawan Vocal Music4111 Words   |  17 PagesPalawan: Folk Music of Palawan Vocal Music : Bagit, Kulial, (song), Tultul (epic chant), Ulit (shamanic chant) Instrumental music : Aruding ( Jew’s harp), babarak (ring flute) suling (banded Flute), basal (gong), kusyapiq (lute) , pagang (bamboo zither)u Social Functions: Ritual music, music of expressing contrasting emotions, Composition : Bird songs, Kulial songs, Epic songs (i.e kudaman) People of Palawan * Tau’T batu tribe -They are a sub-group of the Palaw’an tribe that live inRead MoreThe Evolution of Folk Music Vocals1304 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Folk Music Vocals By its definition, folk music technically refers to indigenous forms of music created by local, regional or native populations as a way of engaging in cultural expression. This means that at its core, folk music is not intended to command a commercial value nor is it necessarily folk music by definition once a form has been co-opted by an outside culture. However, this is also a definition for folk which has long been rendered obsolete by the aesthetic and vocal qualitiesRead MoreQuestions and Anwers about Singing1081 Words   |  4 Pages1. What is the difference between a vocal warm-up and a vocal skills development time? A vocal warm-up is thought of as getting the juices flowing, whereas vocal skills are developed through teaching singing strategies. Choir teachers need to have a variety of vocal exercises in their bag because not every exercise will work for every student. The exercises used within a vocal warm-up, work to build proper posture, breathing, phonation, resonant tone production, range, agility, diction, expressionRead MoreWhat Are Choral Music? What Is Choral Singing?1334 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction What is choral music? 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Saint Mark’s Basilica Free Essays

string(225) " By replacing their former patron Saint Theodore, who has a symbolic link to the Byzantium, to Saint Mark, it is said that the Venetians finally acquired their freedom from the Byzantium \(Bershad, Mangone, and Hexham 207\)\." Saint Mark’s Basilica, which can be found in Venice Italy, has been considered to be the most important church in the said region since the early Christian period. However, it was only in 1807 when the said basilica became the official cathedral of Venice, replacing the Church of San Pietro di Castello. Due to its remarkable and authentic design, Saint Mark’s Basilica is noted as one of Europe’s most glorious and eccentric cathedrals. We will write a custom essay sample on Saint Mark’s Basilica or any similar topic only for you Order Now As it was said, no visitor or pilgrim can remain dispassionate about the specified cathedral once confronted by it (Belford, Dunford, Andrews, and Woolfrey). However, there are others who are confused once the details of the cathedral come into perspective. Whether it may appear delightful or not, analyzing the building’s history would help in understanding its eccentricities and would also shed light on its roles in religious faith and its contributions on the politics and prestige of Venice. The Story of the Basilica Situated at the heart of Venice, Italy, Saint Mark’s Cathedral has long been recognized as the leading representation of the Venetian faith and political memoir. True enough, such adherence to their religiosity is a result of the church and government’s embrace of Christianity as the leading force behind the cathedral’s establishment and the mark of religiosity among its citizens. From the past until the present, the Venetian government’s adage â€Å"Prima di tutto Venziani, poi Cristiani,† which, when translated in English, means â€Å"First above all Venetians, then Christians,† is considered as the defining factor of the Venetian living because it widely represents the subordination of the church to the state, yet the religion maintains its power over the republic because of its capability to represent the people’s beliefs. Venetians believe that Venice is God’s chosen city wherein he infused his grace through the aid of their patron saint, Saint Mark the Evangelist (Bershad, Mangone, and Hexham 205). The strong link that binds the spiritual faith and governance of Venice had its roots from the rich history of the renowned Saint Mark’s Basilica and the legends surrounding the interment of Saint Mark’s body in the said edifice. The Legends Three notable legends were said to be responsible for the rise of Saint Mark’s Cathedral as a religious representation of the people’s faith and the force behind Venice’s political array: The â€Å"praedestinato† (predestinate), â€Å"translatio† (translation), and the â€Å"inventio† (invention). Praedestinato claims that while preaching throughout Italy, Saint Mark, together with his companion, made a stop at the Venetian lagoons and formed an immediate bond with the people within the area. Upon returning to Rome, Saint Mark and his colleague encountered a storm leading them to sought temporary shelter in the Venetian lagoon. In his state of repose, an angel came to Saint Mark and told him â€Å"Pax tibi, Marcae. Hic requiescet corpus tuum† or â€Å"Peace Mark. Here your body will rest. The angel also informed Mark that at some point in history, the settlers in Venice would build his burial spot in that area, because if they do God will be giving them graces through Saint Mark’s intercession. With the given perspective it is believed that Christianity came about in Venice through Saint Mark (Bershad, Mangone and Hexham 205-206). The founder’s of Venice were said to have been notably persuaded by the idea of the city’s sacred ordination through th e intercession of Saint Mark’s body. Hence, in order to fulfill the specified angelic prophecy, it was said that Saint Mark’s body was stolen from Alexandria and was brought to Venice. This story then encompasses the second legend, the â€Å"translatio. † According to the legend, the theft of Saint Mark’s body occurred in 828. Venetian ships were blown off course and found Alexandria. An unnamed monk and a priest were members of the church that housed the remains of Saint Mark. The two holy men were befriended by two Venetian merchants named Bruno da Malamocco and Rustico da Torcello. In one event, the Muslims within the Alexandrian region threatened to destroy the church where Saint Mark’s body can be found. Hence, such threat catapulted Malamocco and Torcello to steal the Saint’s body and brought it to Venice to present it to the doge, the elected head of the state of Venice and Genoa (Bershad, Mangone, and Hexham 206). It is worthy to note that in those days, relics were regarded as powerful objects that serve as unifiers for social and economic entities because they attract both pilgrims and merchants alike. As such, relics were all welcomed, and that of Saint Mark was highly regarded because of the first legend that surrounds the patron’s intercession’s perceived grace. With the presentation of the acquired relic of Saint Mark to Doge Giustiniano Particiaco, the gift giving formed the permanent union between the spiritual and political realms of Venice (Bershad, Mangone and Hexham 206). According to legend, soon after the arrival of Saint Mark’s relics in 829, the first structure of the Saint Mark’s Basilica was commissioned. Modeled from the church of the 12 Apostles in Constantinople, the shrine of Saint Mark was then consecrated in 832. The third and final legend, the â€Å"inventio† or the apparition did not take place until 1094. During 976, an uprising against the doge caused a great fire that ruined the Palazzio Ducale (Ducale Palace) and the church that housed Saint Mark’s relics. Although the subsequent church was rebuilt right after the incident, the relics of the patron saint remained lost until 1094 despite numerous searches. A doge ordered a fast that tested the citizens’ piety and obedience. On the third day of the fast, a miracle took place. The ghost of Saint Mark was said to have appeared and filled the church with a sweet aroma. At that point, the basilica was consecrated, and Saint Mark’s body was finally laid to rest. The â€Å"inventio† was noted to have combined the religious and civic values among the Venetian’s because it is believed that right after the previous legends; God had given the Venetians their political authority. By replacing their former patron Saint Theodore, who has a symbolic link to the Byzantium, to Saint Mark, it is said that the Venetians finally acquired their freedom from the Byzantium (Bershad, Mangone, and Hexham 207). Saint Mark’s Basilica: Religious and Political Significance Over the course of the basilica’s history, the edifice played significant roles both in the accumulation of Venice’s political prowess and religious perspective. San Marco served as the mirror of Venice’s increasing power and self-confidence. Though initially created out of a spare brick building modeled to a Byzantine edifice, the basilica became a landmark that was completely and intricately detailed of luxurious embellishment which was derived from the donations of the faithful. As Venice attained its mastery within the Mediterranean area, the city became well-known as the location of the region’s most confessional shrine, marking Venice as the city free from the autonomy of any foreign influence (McGregor). As Saint Mark’s basilica became an important edifice to the whole city, a tutelary church which represents both the commune and the community, it has then become the annex of the state, an avenue where politics and religion meet (Jones). During its earlier phase, the doge was elected at the Ducal Palace and was then presented to the citizens from the Saint Mark Basilica’s right hand pulpit, which later on, upon the doge’s tenure, would become exclusively his (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). Back in the earlier part of the basilica’s development, the head of state was increasingly invested through semi-sacral powers. Hence, dogeship became an efficient and dignified part of the constitution, thereby placing the doge in the position that outranks the bishops and the patriarch. Under the banner of Saint Mark and under the leadership of the doge, the state then became a secular church which had their own traditions, iconography and feast days, enabled the people to practice patriotism and piety, and treated sovereignty as a divine possession (Jones). Saint Mark’s Basilica, being the state church, also served as an avenue for the city’s official ceremonies. Some of the notable ceremonies that took place in the basilica were the blessing of the soldiers, the 1177 Peace of Venice, 1201 assembly of Saint Mark’s crusaders from all of Europe that were about to depart to Holy Land to ask for protection and divine aid, and the 1377’s doge’s grant of leadership to defend the city addressed to Vettor Pisani. Other than these, Saint Mark’s Basilica was also considered as the rendezvous for prayer among the Venetians during moments of great pain such as the 1576 voting of building the temple of Christ the Redeemer, 1630’s prayer of intervention for the vote to build a temple for the virgin in order to free the city from plagues, and lastly during the end of Venice’s independence in 1797. The Basilica was also a reference point, for many merchants and sailors that journeyed by land and sea contributed in keeping the edifice a monumental mark of faith and a testimony of Venice’s greatness by giving out precious gifts, art treasures and marbles, which are still evident today (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). 12th of May 1797, the troops of Napoleon invaded the city of Venice. For the foregoing reason, Saint Mark’s basilica’s reign as the state church under the authority of the Doges of the Venetian Republic was brought to an end. It was in 1807 when the cathedral became the official seat for the Patriarch’s of Venice. Due to Napoleon’s orders, Saint Mark’s eventually lost the functions of the Doge’s chapel, and since then, it has been hailed as the city cathedral (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). Although some of the aforementioned functions of the cathedral were lost during Napoleon’s reign over Venice, it is still evident from the given facts that Saint Mark’s Basilica was one of the main forces that drove the once fragmented island of primitive Venice into a city that is unified by belief and nationalism. With the Basilica’s history and its link to the spread of Christianity, Saint Mark Cathedral continuously attracts thousand of pilgrims to date, adding up to the prestige of present day Venice. Saint Mark’s Basilica: A site of pilgrimage In the quest for a votive purpose, pilgrimage has been an important aspect in many religions because it embodies one’s faith over the divine deity. Long journeys toward a sacred place or shrine play a significant role not only in uplifting the faith of an individual but also in serving as an avenue to seek for moral significance. The focal point of pilgrimages is inclined to celebrating religion. Saint Mark’s Basilica is among the many holy places that are embarked upon by many pilgrims. The fact that that the relics of Saint Mark can be found in the said area, thousands of pilgrims yearly flock to Venice in order to seek his intervention through prayers. Being the center of the Venetian faith and once a political entity, Saint Mark’s Basilica can be seen as an avenue where one can witness the grandiosity of Venice balanced by its deep religiosity and history. As the eternal symbol of faith and Christendom, Saint Mark’s Cathedral is also well noted as the eternal representation of the city’s wealth, power, and history, as seen with its apostolic reliquary of arts that glorify the history of Venice and its role in the interconnectedness of the church and the state. For the foregoing, one can easily assume that Saint Mark’s Basilica, aside from its religious significance, also contributes to the prestige of Venice through pilgrimages. The site serves as an area for an economic phenomenon because of its capability to motivate the pilgrims to embark on a journey through its historical and inspiring account of miracles as well as the desire of the people to keep the spirit of Saint Mark alive. However, perhaps it should not be excluded that another reason for Saint Mark’s popularity, contributing to Venice’s prestige is indebted to its detailed architecture, mosaics and enough plundered sculptures that can satisfy any human. No other church in Europe is lavishly decorated, exquisitely mosaicked and more glittering than gold other than San Marco. Hence, it is also known as the â€Å"Chiesa De Oro† or the â€Å"Golden Church. † The spiritual material and Byzantium heritage of the West inspired the architecture of Saint Mark’s Basilica. The structure stands in a Greek cross plan, and above the cross are five cupolas which are said to represent the presence of God over the church (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). Covering the cathedral’s old ceilings, atriums, walls, and multiple domes are more than 8000 square meters of mosaics created between the 12th and 17th centuries by eastern masters. The mosaic represents biblical stories from the old and new testaments, allegorical individuals, and events in the lives of Christ, Virgin Mary, Saint Mark, and other saints. The interaction of the mosaics’ warm color, most especially gold with the dim light that changes color according to the time of the day, is said to promote evocative feelings among its visitors. More importantly, the mosaics serve as a significant evidence of the Venetian people’s ambitions and faith (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). The sculptures present within the church also add up to the richness of its history, as each culture is generated from different epochs and origins. Saint Mark’s treasures are also highly regarded because they are considered to be the richest documentation of the most refined items found in the basilica such as gold, silver and precious stones, which celebrate the craftsmanship of the Venetians. Pala d’Oro, the most important piece of treasure in the church, is the high altar that contains the relics of Venice’s patron saint, Saint Mark (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). Other than these, almost all of the areas found within the basilica like the baptistery alcove and the Marciano Museum are truly cultural treasures that add pride to the Venetian culture and religious perspective (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). Perhaps, the only disappointing aspect about the architecture of San Marco is the fact that the value of pilgrimage is undermined by the desire of the visitors to merely witness the basilica’s architecture and not to regard its spiritual value. Conclusion Based on the information provided, it can be gleaned that the Basilica of Saint Mark played a significant role in the religious and political aspect of the Venetians way of life. Religiously, the basilica was established out of the faith of the citizens that God chose the city of Venice to infuse his grace through the aid of Saint Mark. As such, the state, in its subjugation to the religion, used Saint Mark’s Basilica as the edifice that would serve as the testimony of Venetian faith and political power. Other than this, as the tutelary church of Venice, Saint Mark’s Basilica was a strong symbolism of community and commune where the state citizens, despite being run by Doges, believed that they were under God’s grace, and that the interconnectedness of the church and the state was endowed by God to be supported. Most importantly, Saint Mark’s Basilica served as an important force that unified the whole city of Venice. From a city that was once a refuge for people of dependence to the Byzantium, the basilica became the focal point of the Venetians’ freedom from Byzantium regime. Currently, the rich history and religious significance of Saint Mark’s Basilica is still evident through the maintenance of the edifice together with Saint Mark’s relics. The basilica’s spread of Christendom continued as well through the pilgrims who sought to uplift their faith and seek for their moral significance. By allowing people to venture inside the basilica, modern day people are able to take a glimpse of the face of past Christendom and would be able to imbibe within themselves the contribution of the said church in the spread of Christian faith. In this sense, Saint Mark’s Basilica then and now truly adds prestige to the Venetian culture. How to cite Saint Mark’s Basilica, Papers

Comparing Betrayal in Julius Caesar and Animal Far Essay Example For Students

Comparing Betrayal in Julius Caesar and Animal Far Essay m comparison compare contrast essaysBetrayal in Julius Caesar and Animal Farm No one ever said life was going to be easy. Throughout ones life, one is pressurize into making a decisions he or she does not want to make. Sometimes the decisions made are base on how the person feels. One would make their decision by being loyal to the person. Or one may choose a betrayal decision. These difficult decisions were made within the two novels, Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare and Animal Farm by George Orwell. A persons decision, whatever it may be, could affect anyone or everyone that revolves around the decision maker. Conflicts, greed, arguments, crime, are only some examples how things would start to betray each other. When things become chaos, things become hard to control. First, On Animal Farm the pigs slowly were taking over the farm. Little without the animals knowing, they thought everything was going as plan. No question now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. Chapter 10, pg. 118. In the end, the pigs betray their ten commandments, their own comrades, and their very own words. Second, with in the story of Julius Caesar, if Brutus did not kill Caesar, Antony would not had to have put the people of Rome against Brutus and the conspirators. The pigs are to some extent like Brutus. On Animal Farm, the pigs were well respected by the animals on Animal Farm. As for Brutus, he is well respected by his friend and the people of Rome. Brutus also betrays himself. But I do find it cowardly and vile, for fear of what might fall, so to prevent The time of life), arming myself with patience to stay the providence of some high powers that govern us below, Act 5 sc. 1 lines 113 117. Brutus was saying this after Cato kills himself. Unfortunately, at the end, Brutus kills him self, in a fear that he lost everything. Loyalty between two things can help them gain a trust. However if one decides to abuse that trust, then the loyalty between the two things is broken. Resembling the relationship of Boxer and Napoleon. Boxer trusted Napoleon. Boxers motto was, I will work harder, Napoleon is always right. Sadly within this relationship, Napoleon was the one to blame for ruining it. Boxer was not the brightest horse, but he had the strength of two horses. Nevertheless the relationship Julius Caesar and Mark Antony had was a pleasant friendship. When Caesar died, the only thought that was going through Antonys mind was revenge. Because of his love for Caesar, Antony got his revenge by turning the towns people against Brutus and the conspirators. In another case, it seems that Antony is one way or another similar to Boxer. When Antony was asked from Caesar to accomplish something, Antony would go do I on the spot. Sometime in life, one wants the best for others; and sometimes you want to be loyal, but at the end betrayal is the only way. Brutus often finds himself at war with himself. He does not know if he should keep his beloved friendship with Caesar, or do whats best for Rome. In the end he finds that he loves his country more then his friendship with Caesar. Boxer was extremely loyal to Napoleon, strong, and a hard worker towards the Animal Farms dream. These qualities were what made the other animals look up to Boxer. .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631 , .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631 .postImageUrl , .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631 , .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631:hover , .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631:visited , .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631:active { border:0!important; } .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631:active , .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631 .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd63e07f11a83de1a6cc6df81ccf2631:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nike Ads Essay Many of the animals wanted to be like Boxer. But, little did they know, they were only working towards a dream full with melancholy. In conclusion, deciding weather to be loyal or to betray to an object can change a persons life in a heartbeat. Being loyal to a friend you can gain a lifes give award. But betraying a friend, can practically guarantee a life full of misery. To be able to make some sort of decision, one must be at ease with ones mind and soul. If one does not make the right decision, it will haunt them for the rest of their life. However if one makes the right decision, one would be with harmony with oneself.

About Delphi Programming For Novice Developers

About Delphi Programming For Novice Developers Hi! Im Zarko Gajic, your About.com Guide to Delphi Programming. Thats my picture at the top of the page (or maybe at the bottom). You can read my bio to learn more about who I am. I write feature articles and tutorials related to Delphi programming. I also gather links to other sites that have articles, tutorials, and important information on specific aspects of programming in the Delphi language. The purpose of this page is to orient newcomers with an overview of some or our special Delphi programming features. Embarcadero Technologies Delphi is an object-oriented, visual programming environment to develop 32 and 64 bit applications; with FireMonkey, Delphi is the fastest way to deliver ultra-rich and visually stunning native applications for Windows, Mac and iOS. If you are just entering the programming world, heres why you should consider learning Delphi: Why Delphi?. Also, dont miss Delphi History! If you are confused about different Delphi versions (Delphi Starter, Delphi XE2, RAD Studio), read the Flavors of Delphi article to easily pick your Delphi of choice. There is a lot of information on this site about Delphi programming; this site covers all aspects of Delphi development, including tutorials and articles, forum, language reference with examples, glossary, free code programs, custom components and much more. Let me help you find what youre looking for (and help your career by looking for the right Delphi job). Learn how Delphi can help you solve complex development problems to deliver high-performance, highly scalable applications ranging from Windows and database applications to mobile and distributed applications for the Internet. If you simply want to build a simple database application (accounting, CD/DVD album), for home use, Delphi will help you build it fast and with ease. Looking for something specific?You can search this Delphi Programming site or all of About.com for a specific programming task. Try it using the search box at the top of the page. Hint: Put phrases in double-quotation marks for better results (i.e. protected hack). If you are looking for more ways to find Delphi programming related materials, go see the Searching for Delphi article. True Beginners, Students, Newcomers ...For those who are new to Delphi, Ive prepared several free online courses designed to get you to a fast start. The free courses below are perfect for Delphi beginners as well as for those who want a broad overview of the art of programming with Delphi. Turbo Delphi Tutorial: For Novice and Non-ProgrammersA Beginners Guide to Delphi ProgrammingA Beginners Guide to Delphi Database ProgrammingA Beginners Guide to ASP.NET Web programming for Delphi developers Be sure not to miss the Delphi Tutorials and Online / Email Courses section. How to program in Delphi – what you need to know?This entire site is devoted to providing the tutorials and other resources needed to learn Delphi programming. There are several broad categories of Delphi programming tutorials to help you in your quest to learn how to create the best solutions fast. These include tutorials for the beginner as well as the more experienced developer, find them listed in A Beginners Guide to Delphi [enter Delphi topic]. If you are looking for free or/and shareware and commercial components, you’ll be happy to know I’ve prepared a dozen of Top Picks pages – where all the best third-party components, tools and Delphi books are collected and reviewed.

buy custom Research Methods and Critical Thinking Skills

buy custom Research Methods and Critical Thinking Skills Ebola Virus Outbreak with Absence of a Vaccine Introduction The first discovery of Ebola virus was made in the year 1976. The virus was then in two countries, Sudan and Zaire. In Sudan, 284 people got infected by the virus. The mortality rate then was over 53 percent. A few months later the Ebola-Zaire virus emerged in Yambuku. It was more virulent and had a higher mortality rate of 88 % with 318 people infected. Tremendous efforts were put in place by the researchers with the aim of identifying the virus natural reservoir but all was in vain. Ebola Ruston emerged in Ruston Virginia from the monkeys that were transported from the Philippines. It was the third strain of the virus, which has been discovered in the United States. The third strain saw people get seroconverted by the virus; however, they did not develop the hemorrhagic fever. Ebola cote d Ivore was discovered in 1994 (Li and Chen, 2013). It was an accident that occurred with an ethnologist who was performing a necropsy on a dead chimpanzee in Tai forest.

SLP - 3 Computer technology and the networked organization Essay

SLP - 3 Computer technology and the networked organization - Essay Example It also helps to manage different projects undertaken by an organisation. One of the key benefits organisation can get from the use of wiki is better communication. Wiki is useful for placing meeting minutes, providing different ideas and additional contribution by the employees (Grace, 2009). Online wiki products do not perform alone rather the products must be coupled with online server which provides the permission to create a website. One such product which helps to create wiki is Microsoft SharePoint. It is an online platform through which wiki page can be created. This product is related with several functions comprising web component management, social network association and document management among others. Through this product, organisations can also conduct effective searches for documents and access huge amount of commercial information. Apart from that Microsoft SharePoint also comprise several web tools which assist in central information management, security controls and management of servers (Microsoft Corporation, 2014). One key organisational goal which is supported by Microsoft SharePoint is increased collaboration. Since this product allows the members to create wiki for the purpose of information sharing, it facilitates collaboration within organisation. It act as a platform for creation of online software, comprising IT assets, group workshops, emails, attendance awareness and internet oriented conferencing. Furthermore, the services provided by this product also allow organisations to discover distributed information and files rapidly and effectively, along with empowering the employees to perform creatively. As a result, this product helps to maintain a collaborative environment in an organisation (Cloudmore, 2011). There are several features which can be used in wiki for supporting organisational goals. For instance, FAQ can be used in order to surrogate knowledge base which

Favorite song music analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Favorite song music analysis - Term Paper Example The song was recorded by the BBC Northern Symphony Orchestra in 1973 and subsequently played on BBC Radio 4 until 2006. The UK Theme was mainly a start-up, introducing the BBC Radio Shopping Forecast, a broadcast dedicated to reporting weather and maritime forecasts along the British coast. Although Radio 4 does not play whole pieces of music, the UK Theme is an uninterrupted piece played before the introduction of programs. The traditional tunes in the UK Theme piece represent not only the national maritime tradition but also depict the musical culture of the United Kingdom. The piece combines many tunes beginning with a brass air of Early One Morning. The first section of the UK Theme opens with the tunes of English trombones and horns followed by British strings and woodwind. The use of the English folklore tunes in the first section gives the piece its appeal and originality. This gives the song its patriotic tone. The mood of the song changes in the second section with harp and Irish cor anglais accompaniments. A critical analysis of the rhythm reveals that the producer combined long and short sounds to come up with a unique British beat. There is a gradual drop in tempo and pitch just after the first 8 bars. The main beats are divided into twos, illustrating the use of simple meter composition and giving the UK Theme its unique mood and unusual appeal. The tone is combined with slow Scottish violin, giving the piece its characteristic timbre. The tempo of the UK Theme slows in the second section. The mood changes further in the third section with tunes from the English strings and Scottish woodwind as well as air from the Royal Navy piccolo. The piece ends with an orchestral version played over the tunes of solo trumpet. A critical analysis of the UK Theme suggests that the song is simply a collection of traditional British and Irish tunes, symbolizing the tradition of the United Kingdom. The historical,

Critically review the situation at RestaurantCo and identify the Essay

Critically review the situation at RestaurantCo and identify the strengths and weaknesses of its approach to managing human reso - Essay Example Theoretically, the dimension of Human Resource Management (HRM) helps in linking the functions of human resource with the determined organisational objectives in order to improve the performance of the organisation on the whole. Apart from linking the human resource functions with the strategic objectives of the firm, it further assists the organization in establishing a proper understanding amidst the superiors and the supervisors working within it. HRM further helps in maintaining a coordinated relation between the external factors that contribute substantially to the organizational development and success (Bratton, n.d.). With the continually growing significance and complexities in the HRM dimension, the adaption of Employees Involvement and Participation (EIP) is often argued to contribute in differentiating a company’s internal strengths by enhancing the flexibility of the workforce to adjust with the external business environmental changes. The notion behind the concept of EIP concentrates on the fact that effective involvement and participation of the workforce would lead towards the achievement of the organizational goals and efficiencies. The concept of measuring the formal and informal EIP link further can be regarded as an important part of any organization, as it helps in evaluating the employees performances over a certain standard of time, in comparison with pre-set standards or goals. Formal EIP is further considered to be those practises, where the managers of a department consult with the employees before implementing a new work practice within the set working environment; whereas, informal EIP signifies that decision-making process, where the managers do not follow any formal procedure to gather suggestions from the subordinates (Storey, 2007). In this essay, the discussion henceforth will intend to critically evaluate the situation of RestaurantCo and to identify the strengths and weakness of its approaches thereon. The discussion wil l further aim at assessing links between corporate strategies, culture, HR policy and management practices at the workplace level of RestaurantCo with EIP. Corporate Strategies and Culture In corporate strategies, authority is considered to be highly important to practice an effective decision making procedure. Authority is generally considered as an obligation to act on behalf of a department or agency or any higher level of authority within an organization. Furthermore, authority is the key to the managerial job; they endure the right of indulging into the decision-making process being in the top level management. Delegation of authority is basically the process of allocating the work and transferring the rights from the higher authority to the lower level employees within an organizational context that inculcates EIP related aspects to a considerable extent. This form of strategy is usually adapted by the top level management when there is an over load of work or is viewed in lar ge industries where assigning managers for a single department is very essential maintaining a linkage between the organisation’s short-term or long-term objectives and the workforce performances. Correspondingly, it has been viewed that today’

Force majeure and hardship

Force majeure and hardship INTRODUCTION A basic and universally accepted principle of contract law is pacta sunt servanda. This principle means that each party to an agreement is responsible for its non-execution, even if the cause of the failure is beyond his power and was not or could not be foreseen at the time of signing the agreement. The principle reflects natural justice and economic requirements because it binds a person to their promises and protects the interests of the other party. Since effective economic activity is not possible without reliable promises, the importance of this principle has to be emphasized. On the other hand, practice has demonstrated that on many occasions application of this principle may lead to the opposite of its aim. That is to say, the situation existing at the conclusion of the contract may subsequently have changed so completely that the parties, acting as reasonable persons, would not have made the contract, or would have made it differently, had they known what was going to happen. This situation is unlikely to arise with short-term contracts, which often exhibit a simple structure where non-performances are exchanged for money. In international trade, however, many contracts are of a more complicated structure, and even if they are not long term contracts, they frequently exist over a substantive period. International trade transactions generally imply a greater element of uncertainty because they are subject to political and economic influences in foreign countries. Different legal concepts deal with this problem of changed circumstances and provide for the discharge of the duty to perform of one or both parties when a contract has become unexpectedly onerous or impossible to perform. The classic concept of force majeure is primarily directed at settling the problems resulting from non-performance, either by suspension or by termination. Concepts likeimpr ¿Ã‚ ½visionor hardship are mainly directed at the adaptation of the contract. Although all legal systems take notice of the situation of changed circumstances, the conditions under which they allow the defence of force majeure vary. Furthermore, the adaptation of the contract is not universally accepted. Attempts have been made to tackle these problems on an international level. In particular, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) addresses the issue of changed circumstances. It avoids reference to the existing concepts because it has developed a system of its own. This concept, however, is generally not regarded as being able to solve the problem entirely. Parties to international sales transactions, therefore, frequently include special clauses in their contracts dealing with matters of hardship and force majeure. This paper aims to give some idea of the concepts of hardship and force majeure in the context of international sales transactions. First, the concepts will be discussed on a theoretical basis. The different approaches to the situation of changed circumstances in the major legal systems will then be discussed. Article 79 of the CISG will be introduced, interpreted, and its scope determined. It will then be possible to ascertain if, to what extent, and what kind of clauses dealing with the matter of changed circumstances, should be inserted into international sales contracts. Force majeure and hardship clauses will then be discussed in more detail. Finally, the use of standard forms of contract, with special regard to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, will be considered, and a recommendation as to force majeure and hardship clauses will be made. FORCE MAJEURE AND HARDSHIP THE CONCEPTS IN GENERAL The two major legal concepts dealing with the problem of changed circumstances are those of force majeure and hardship. In order to understand the interpretation and discussion of Article 79 of the CISG and the deliberations on force majeure and hardship clauses in international sales contracts, the two concepts first have to be considered on a general and theoretical basis. 1. Force majeure The concept of force majeure, providing for the discharge of one or both parties when a contract has become impossible to perform, has evolved progressively in international trade practice by assuming many original and autonomous features distinct from similar legal concepts. The approach of municipal legal systems to situations of force majeure varies from country to country. Despite these circumstances, certain general characteristics of the conception of force majeure can be determined. The roots of the classic concept lie in the Code Napol ¿Ã‚ ½on, from which the words force majeure (an irresistible compulsion or coercion) are taken. An English courts interpretation of the words held that they have a more extensive meaning than act of God or vis major. Act of God is defined as an event happening independently of human volition, which human foresight and care could not reasonably anticipate or avoid. According to the judgment, the words force majeure could cover the dislocation of a business due to a universal coal strike or accidents to machinery, but would not cover bad weather, football matches, or a funeral.In Brauer Co. v. James Clark it was held that a party could not rely on force majeure simply because the price it was required to pay for the goods was considerably in excess of the price at which it had contracted to sell them. In more general terms, it can be said that force majeure occurs when the performance of a contract is impossible due to unforeseeable events beyond the control of the parties. The following is a possible definition of force majeure: Force majeure occurs when the law recognizes that without default of either party a contractual obligation has become incapable of being performed because the circumstances in which the performance is called for would render it impossible. I promised to do this but I cannot due to some irresistible unforeseeable and uncontrollable event. A similar definition is contained in Article 7.1.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts where, under the headline of Force majeure, it is stated that a partys non-performance is excused if that party proves that the non-performance was due to an impediment beyond its control, and that it could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome the impediment or its consequences. The aim of the classic concept of force majeure, as is reflected in Article 7.1.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles, is to settle the problems resulting from non-performance either by suspension or termination. 2. Hardship The concept of hardship is usually discussed in the context of hardship clauses, which are frequently introduced into contracts in international trade. The term hardship, however, has also been used in legislation, e.g., in the Australian National Security (Landlord and Tenant) Regulations and the Landlord and Tenant (Amendment) Act 1948-1964. With respect to those rules, courts had to interpret the term hardship and determine its scope. Thus, it was held that hardship, as used in the National Security Regulations, may be regarded as the subjective effect of a detrimental nature upon the person concerned. In another decision interpreting the Landlord and Tenant Act, hardship was said to include any matter of appreciable detriment whether financial, personal or otherwise. The circumstances in which hardship generally exists (as usually set out in hardship clauses) normally incorporate three elements. First, the circumstances must have arisen beyond the control of either party; self-induced hardship is irrelevant. Second, they must be of fundamental character. Third, they must be entirely uncontemplated and unforeseeable. A clear descriptive definition of hardship is contained in the UNIDROIT Principles. It reads as follows (Article 6.2.2): There is hardship where the occurrence of events fundamentally alters the equilibrium of the contract either because the cost of a partys performance has increased or because the value of the performance a party receives has diminished, and the events occur or become known to the disadvantaged party after the conclusion of the contract; the events could not reasonably have been taken into account by the disadvantaged party at the time of the conclusion of the contract; the events are beyond the control of the disadvantaged party; and the risk of the events was not assumed by the disadvantaged party. The concept of hardship intends to solve problems of such fundamentally altered circumstances by adapting the contract to the new situation. 3. Differences between the two concepts The concepts of hardship and force majeure seem to be related to each other, particularly since they share some features: they both cater to situations of changed circumstances. The difference between the two concepts is most aptly described in such a way: hardship is at stake where the performance of the disadvantaged party has become much more burdensome, but not impossible, while force majeure means that the performance . . . the party concerned has become impossible, at least temporarily. Moreover, there seems to be a functional difference between the two concepts. Hardship constitutes a reason for a change in the contractual program of the parties. The aim of the parties remains to implement the contract. Force majeure, however, is situated in the context of non-performance, and deals with the suspension or termination of the contract. DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF DOMESTIC LEGAL SYSTEMS The approach of municipal legal systems to the problem of changed circumstances varies from country to country. Although all these concepts are related to each other, since they share important features, the distinction between them is extremely important in drafting choice of law clauses in international contracts. Furthermore, it is important to have knowledge about the law that will apply when a force majeure or hardship clause is left out of a contract, and no unified international rules are applicable. Moreover, in order to have relevance and serve a purpose, force majeure and hardship clauses should differ from the doctrine that would be applicable to the problem of changing circumstances, if such clauses were left out of the contract. Thus, the scope of those doctrines has to be determined. The illustration and comparison of force majeure and hardship will also give a deeper insight into the structure and functioning of these concepts in general. For this purpose English, American, French, German and South African law and their approaches to the situation of changed circumstances will now be analyzed. 1. England Consistent with the common law approach to strict liability for breach, the traditional common law rule was that conditions rendering performance impossible, that occurred after the execution of a contract, did not excuse performance. The reason for this was stated inParadine v. Janewhere the Kings Bench held that: When the party by his own contract creates a duty or charge upon himself, he is bound to make it good, if he may, notwithstanding any accident by inevitable necessity, because he might have provided against it by the contract. Such a rigid interpretation prevailed in the United Kingdom until 1863. InTaylor v. Caldwell the court changed its traditional opinion: the strict rule should only apply when the contract is positive and absolute, and not subject to any condition either express or implied. The court held that in contracts where performance depends on the continued existence of a given person or thing, a condition is implied that the impossibility of performance arising from the perishing of the person or thing shall excuse the performance. With this theory of implied condition, the doctrine of impossibility was introduced into English law. The concept of frustration, which developed from the doctrine of impossibility, is based on the sole interpretation of the intent of the parties. If stemming from an act of God, the performance of a contract is to take place under circumstances which are totally different from what the parties envisaged, and therefore, the agreement is frustrated. The concept originates from the famousCoronation cases. For instance, in one such case, an apartment was rented for one day because it afforded a privileged view of the Coronation parade of Edward VII. When the parade was cancelled due to the Kings illness, the landlord sued for the rent. The court, however, decided the contract was frustrated because its execution was fundamentally and essentially different from what the parties had intended. According to the doctrine of frustration, the concept dealing with situations of changed circumstances in English law today, a contract can be frustrated by impossibility, physical, e.g., destruction of the subject-matter, or for legal reasons, e.g., illegality, or by the occurrence of a radical change in circumstances, so that the foundation of the contract has been vitiated. If the contract were to retain its validity under such changed circumstances, it would amount to a new and different contract. The doctrine, by covering situations which do not amount to the impossibility of the performance is thus wider than the concept of force majeure. When a contract is frustrated, a judge cannot amend or adjust it to the new situation. Frustration simply discharges the contract. Although the prerequisites of frustration are rather similar to those required by the concept of hardship, the former is final, by disallowing the adaptation of the contract, directed at another aim. 2. United States Also based on the doctrine of impossibility and its further developments, the United States doctrines regarding changed circumstances are carefully defined in both the U.S. Restatement (Second) of Contracts and the Uniform Commercial Code. Section 261 of the Restatement (Second) is entitled Discharge by Supervening Impracticability and reads as follows: Where, after a contract is made, a partys performance is made impracticable without his fault by the occurrence of an event, the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption in which the contract was made, his duty to render that performance is discharged, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary. The Uniform Commercial Code, in Section 2-615, entitled Excuse by failure of presupposed conditions also employs the term Impracticable. In both statutes this term encompasses impossible. The relevant paragraph of U.C.C. Section 2-615 reads: Except so far as a seller may have assumed a greater obligation and subject to the preceding section on substituted performance: (a) Delay in delivery or non-delivery in whole or in part by a seller who complies with paragraphs (b) and (c) is not in breach of his duty under a contract for sale if performance as agreed has been made impracticable by the occurrence of a contingency the non-occurrence of which was the basic assumption on which the contract was made or by compliance in good faith with any foreign or domestic governmental regulation or order whether or not it later proves to be invalid. U.C.C. Section 2-615 Paragraph (b) contains an allocation requirement in the event only part of a sellers capacity to perform is affected. Paragraph (c) states a notice requirement. According to its wording, U.C.C. Section 2-615 only excuses the seller from the delivery of the goods contracted for. The general belief, however, is that this provision is to be considered equally applicable to buyers. The concept of commercial impracticability, which discharges a partys duty although the event has not made performance absolutely impossible, has been adopted in order to call attention to the commercial character of the context in which the excuse defence is used. Courts, however, have been reluctant to accept anything short of impossibility as an excuse for performance. The United States approach to situations of changed circumstances is broader than that of the classical concept of force majeure. The United States approach does not allow the adaptation of the contract and because of the courts way of treating impracticability, it is not as far-reaching as the concept of hardship. 3. France Under French law, the line is drawn between the impossibility of the performance on the one hand, i.e., force majeure, and, on the other hand, circumstances which destabilize the contract where economic conditions are such that fundamental and far-reaching changes occur. The latter is called the doctrine ofimpr ¿Ã‚ ½vision. In France, the principlepacta sunt servanda(as incorporated in Article 1134 of the French Civil Code) prevails over the principlerebus sic stantibus. If the contract does not contain any provision regarding events of changing circumstances, then, the performance of the contract will be enforced without any changes to the contract. A judge is not supposed to appraise the economic situation of the parties or to rule in equity against the wording of a contract. In principle, the only excuse for non-performance of the contract is force majeure. The doctrine ofimpr ¿Ã‚ ½visionhas not been adopted by French courts. Article 1142 of the French Civil Code stipulates that any obligation to do, or not to do, is dissolved by damages whenever the debtor does not execute the obligation. Article 1148, however, specifies that damages are not due in the case of force majeure. While courts have applied those Articles strictly, some change and more flexibility is noticeable in recent case law. Although courts do not apply the doctrine ofimpr ¿Ã‚ ½vision, they have not explicitly rejected it. The application of Article 1148 requires four conditions to be fulfilled simultaneously: the event is irresistible (this clearly distinguishes the force majeure fromimpr ¿Ã‚ ½vision): the event must be unforeseeable: the event is to be an outside one: The failure of suppliers or subcontractors or associates is no excuse for the contractor: the debtor is not at fault: The event should be unavoidable and absolutely beyond the control of the debtor. Article 1148, in recognizing that a contract can be discharged due to force majeure, is not mandatory law. Parties are free to give their definition to force majeure events and the judge has to respect such definition. As the roots of the classical concept of force majeure lie in the Code Napol ¿Ã‚ ½on, this concept and the present approach to the problem of changed circumstances in France, correspond widely. A greater degree of flexibility in the latter has only been noted recently. The doctrine ofimpr ¿Ã‚ ½visionis the counterpart of the concept of hardship. The former, however, is not part of French law. 4. Germany The German approach to the problem is rather flexible. Under German law, the rulepacta sunt servandais certainly not adhered to anymore in the strictest sense. This is not surprising in a country where, after World War I, the value of the items on the menu in a restaurant could change between the placing of the order and the arrival of the bill. As a general rule, section 275 of the B ¿Ã‚ ½rgerliches Gesetzbuch discharges the debtor of his obligation if, after the conclusion of the contract, its performance was rendered impossible for reasons other than negligence, his own fault, or the negligence of his employees. The impossibility of performance (Unm ¿Ã‚ ½glichkeit) can be of a physical or legal nature. The performance may still be possible at a later time without unreasonable damage to the other party. As a consequence of World War I, some judges and legal scholars began advocating the doctrine ofUnm ¿Ã‚ ½glichkeitfor application to economic impossibility. According to such experts, the debtor cannot be forced to comply with efforts or sacrifices which are beyond what parties reasonably envisaged in good faith. This doctrine is called Opfergrenze. The doctrine ofOpfergrenzeis a suitable stepping stone to the famous German doctrine of theWegfall der Gesch ¿Ã‚ ½ftsgrundlage. According to the latter doctrine, every contract has a basic aim, emanating from a basic intention of the parties, which cannot be achieved or realised in the absence of an existing environment, e.g. the prevailing economic and social order, the value of the currency, normal political conditions, etc. This definition of theGesch ¿Ã‚ ½ftsgrundlagebears close resemblance to therebus sic stantibus doctrine in international public law treaties. A line should be drawn between the so-called erg ¿Ã‚ ½nzende Vertragsauslegung (an interpretation of the contract which fills gaps) and theGesch ¿Ã‚ ½ftsgrundlagenlehre.According to the former, which requires a gap in the contract, the function of the judge is to complete the contract, whereby he should give an interpretation of what the parties actually would have wanted if a given event had been contemplated. According to theGesch ¿Ã‚ ½ftsgrundlagenlehre, the judge is not only allowed to complete a contract, but depending on the object of the contract, the judge can also change its terms or terminate it. There is a little difference and if so, not an essential difference between the reasoning in the classical force majeure concept and the German reasoning in theUnm ¿Ã‚ ½glichkeit. Furthermore, the doctrine of theWegfall der Gesch ¿Ã‚ ½ftsgrundlage, aiming at an adaptation of the contract, is very similar to the concept of hardship. 5. South Africa Until 1919, there was a general assumption that . . . no difference between South African law and English law on the effect of supervening impossibility. The English approach was adopted in a number of cases until the case ofPeters, Flamman andCo v. Kokstad Municipality was decided. According to this case, if a person is prevented from performing his contract byvis majororcasus fortuitus. . . he is discharged from liability. In applying the principle that supervening impossibility discharges the contract, impossibility must be given the same meaning as when initial impossibility is under consideration, i.e., the impossibility must be absolute (as opposed to probable and relative) and it must not be the fault of either party. Most important is the fact that, ifvis majororcasus fortuitushas made it uneconomical for a party to carry out its obligations, it does not mean that it has become impossible. Additionally, sincePeters,Flamman and Co.there is no room in South African law for the English doctrine of frustration. The decision in the recent case ofKok v. Osborne and Another, however, could be a first step toward recognition of the concept of commercial impossibility in South African law. The plaintiff in this case (Mrs. Kok) entered into a contract of sale as the buyer . . . wrongly assumed that the seller had already been paid by a third person. The court held that the contract between the litigants hinged on the assumption that the defendant indeed had been paid, which in fact did not happen, and that the contract failed due to supervening impossibility of performance. In this case, the courts opintion was that South African law recognises commercial impracticability as a form of supervening impossibility as does the English. This decision, however, has been heavily criticised by commentators for different reasons. As a result, the doctrine of frustration under the English law is not a recognised part of South African law. Moreover, it is properly stated that supervening impossibility is not applicable in the present case. For these reasons, it is not likely that the case ofKok v. Osborne and Anotherconstitutes the starting point for a change in the South African approach to the problem of changing circumstances. Thus, one can conclude that the South African approach corresponds with the concept of force majeure. Situations of hardship do not discharge a party of its liability. ARTICLE 79 CISG Article 79 is the provision of the CISG, that deals with situations of changed circumstances. More precisely, it deals with the circumstances in which the buyer or seller may be excused from performance of his contractual obligations because of an extraneous event that is judged sufficiently important to warrant the excuse. This is a situation which is referred to as frustration, force majeure orWegfall der Gesch ¿Ã‚ ½ftsgrundlagein different legal systems. In subsequent chapters the legislative history of Article 79 and its significance for international trade will be outlined. Its contents, scope of application, and legal effect will also be analysed and evaluated. A. The significance of the CISG for international sales transactions Never before has the increase in international commerce been as significant as it has been during recent decades. Many difficulties occur in the context of an international sale of goods as a consequence of the considerable differences in the national rules governing the law of sales. Thus, the expanding volume of international sales requires a common understanding of the legal rights and duties among partners to an international transaction. The CISG is understood as a modern uniform substitute for the wide array of foreign legal systems. It is based on the Uniform Law for the International Sale of Goods (ULIS) and the Uniform Law on the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (ULF), drafted by the Rome Institute. These two Conventions had a rather limited success; only nine countries have become members. The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), therefore, in a further attempt to unify the law governing the international sale of goods, prepared the Draft Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods. This was finalised at a diplomatic conference in Vienna in 1980 and entered into force in 1988. Nations are now ratifying or acceding to this Convention at a pace comparable to that of the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards when it was promulgated. The latter is said to be the most successful instance of international legislation in the history of commercial law. The CISG harmonised interests and ideas of different legal systems and of countries on different levels of economic development. Thus, a text that is suited for implementation in civil law countries and common law countries and for economies that are developed and those which are developing. According to Article 1, the Convention applies to international contracts for the sale of goods (if the parties have not rejected its application in their contract Article 6) when the States where the parties have their places of business, are in different contracting states, or the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State. As more than fifty countries have already enacted the Convention, among them major trading nations like the United States, Germany, France, or China, the Convention can apply to a large number of transactions. This number will continue to increase with the accession of further countries to the CISG. Only ten years after entering into force, the Convention can already be considered a success. Its significance for international sales transactions will increase in future years. B. Legislative history of Article 79 1. The role of legislative history As previously discussed, the CISG was created to free international commerce from a babel of diverse domestic legal systems. The ultimate goal of the Convention is the uniform application of the uniform rules. The Convention will often be applied by tribunals (judges or arbitrators) who are only intimately familiar with their own domestic law. These tribunals will be subject to a natural tendency to read the international rules in the light of the legal ideas of those specific systems. In order to control the damage, there will be long-range correctives through international critique of questionable interpretations; to this end measures have been taken for the collection and publication of caselaw produced under the Convention, e.g., CLOUT (Case Law On UNCITRAL Texts). These measures, however, take time to become effective. Fortunately, there need not be a delay in using the legislative history, which sets out the evolution of the uniform law, to counteract the tendency to view the Convention through the lenses of domestic law. The Conventions legislative history provides an international reference point in applying the uniform international law, and its record clarifies the purpose and in tent of the Conventions words. 2. The evolution of Article 79 Article 79 is a revised version of the exemption clause in ULIS (Article 74). Its development, as a part of the CISG, went through three stages: (1) The UNCITRAL Working Group (1970-1977); (2) Review by the full Commission (1977-1978); (3) The Diplomatic Conference (1980). Article 74 ULIS was criticised during the discussions of the Working Group. The clause was thought to make it too easy for the promisor to excuse his non-performance of the contract. Grounds for relief were not only physical or legal impossibility, or circumstances which fundamentally altered the character of the performance owed, but the provision could also apply to situations where performance had unexpectedly been made more difficult. Several members of the Working Group were, therefore, in favour of restricting the grounds for relief and making them more objective. The Working Group set up a drafting party, but it could not agree on a revised wording. It submitted a draft which was provisionally adopted by the drafting party (Alternative A) and an alternative proposal of the Norwegian observer (Alternative B). Following a study by the British delegate, the Working Group adopted a version which largely followed Alternative A. This based the promisors liability on fault, but transferred the basic concept of the impediment taken from Alternative B into the first paragraph. The version was adopted as Article 50 in the 1976 Geneva Draft. In reformulating the grounds for exemption in Article 51 of the 1977 Vienna Draft, the former Article 50, the requirement of the promisor not being at fault was abandoned and replaced by an objective test of the impediment beyond control. The 1978 New York Draft adopted Article 51 of the Vienna Draft relatively unchanged as Article 65. At the Vienna Conference, the Norwegian delegation proposed that paragraph (3) be supplemented by stating that if a temporary impediment ceased and the circumstances had radically changed to such an extent that it would clearly be unreasonable to continue to hold the promisor to his obligation, he should be released from that obligation. It was, however, argued that such an extension would introduce theth ¿Ã‚ ½orie de limpr ¿Ã‚ ½visioninto the Convention, and the proposal was therefore rejected. There was, nevertheless, agreement that the limitation in paragraph (3) should be deleted, i.e., that an exemption was only for the period during which the impediment existed. Contents of Article 79 CISG The meaning and purpose of the different provisions of Article 79 will now be considered in more detail. 1. The general rule paragraph (1) Paragraph (1) sets out the conditions under which a party is not l

Accuracy in Epic of Gilgamesh and The Hebrew Bible Essay -- Epic Gilga

There is much debate over the historical accuracy of the Hebrew Bible and The Epic of Gilgamesh. Some claim that to understand a work of literature requires extensive knowledge of the background of this work. The contrary position is that a work of literature can be interpreted solely on it’s content. The meaning of the term classical literature is that it can be applied during any period of time, it is eternal. Yet the conditions surrounding the author might still be of interest to the reader, and of importance to the work. As with many cases, the truth is somewhere in between the two extremes. Both sides have valid arguments about the importance of historicity. To say that historicity is of the utmost importance may seem extreme. Yet to understand a work, it is important to know if these were fantastic, yet true tales, or if they came from the mind of an author. Some may read a deeper significance into a fictional work. The fact that a story was ‘invented’ usually mean that it was created for a specific purpose. An author would be more prone to using certain literary devices, even in the story line, then fate, or whatever one believes creates the true stories. A completely fictional story may have more use of symbolism, and to search for the meaning of this symbolism, it might be important to know the environment in which it was written. On the other hand, a reader may put greater emphasis on the meaning behind stories based on fact. This may be because of a faith in a higher power that controls the events in a story. If one believes in God, or in any higher power, the events of a particular story can take on meaning as an act of this power, or even as a symbolic work from god. Still others may be more inspired by the... ...f a leader. The fact that Gilgamesh is presented as divine in the book ends credence to the possibility that the actual King was believed to be godly. It is in this instance, and others like it that we see another example of the importance of historicity. By studying these works, we can gain insight into ancient cultures, and even hypothesize about the past. If a work is highly historically accurate in other respects, it might lead one to believe that the other accounts in the work are accurate. Through this method, we may discover some of history through works of literature, history that records may not contain. Yet through this method we can only speculate, we cannot be certain of the accuracy of our results. Works Cited: Norman K. Gottwald The Hebrew Bible . Fortress Press, 1985. Sandars, N. K., trans. The Epic of Gilgamesh. London: Penguin, 1972. Accuracy in Epic of Gilgamesh and The Hebrew Bible Essay -- Epic Gilga There is much debate over the historical accuracy of the Hebrew Bible and The Epic of Gilgamesh. Some claim that to understand a work of literature requires extensive knowledge of the background of this work. The contrary position is that a work of literature can be interpreted solely on it’s content. The meaning of the term classical literature is that it can be applied during any period of time, it is eternal. Yet the conditions surrounding the author might still be of interest to the reader, and of importance to the work. As with many cases, the truth is somewhere in between the two extremes. Both sides have valid arguments about the importance of historicity. To say that historicity is of the utmost importance may seem extreme. Yet to understand a work, it is important to know if these were fantastic, yet true tales, or if they came from the mind of an author. Some may read a deeper significance into a fictional work. The fact that a story was ‘invented’ usually mean that it was created for a specific purpose. An author would be more prone to using certain literary devices, even in the story line, then fate, or whatever one believes creates the true stories. A completely fictional story may have more use of symbolism, and to search for the meaning of this symbolism, it might be important to know the environment in which it was written. On the other hand, a reader may put greater emphasis on the meaning behind stories based on fact. This may be because of a faith in a higher power that controls the events in a story. If one believes in God, or in any higher power, the events of a particular story can take on meaning as an act of this power, or even as a symbolic work from god. Still others may be more inspired by the... ...f a leader. The fact that Gilgamesh is presented as divine in the book ends credence to the possibility that the actual King was believed to be godly. It is in this instance, and others like it that we see another example of the importance of historicity. By studying these works, we can gain insight into ancient cultures, and even hypothesize about the past. If a work is highly historically accurate in other respects, it might lead one to believe that the other accounts in the work are accurate. Through this method, we may discover some of history through works of literature, history that records may not contain. Yet through this method we can only speculate, we cannot be certain of the accuracy of our results. Works Cited: Norman K. Gottwald The Hebrew Bible . Fortress Press, 1985. Sandars, N. K., trans. The Epic of Gilgamesh. London: Penguin, 1972.

Environment Stewards

‘As Stewards unite to heal, care and preserve God’s creation’ Today there is an urgent need for ‘ecological conversion’ to protect not only the natural environment but also the human quality of life. Pope John-Paul II, â€Å"Life and nature are similar concepts because nature is the study of how life acts and interacts within the circle of existence†. When we take the time to examine the beauty of the world around us, we are able to see parallels within our own lives. One who is attuned with nature is attuned with the practice of living.However our beautiful and natural environment has come under threat, there is undeniable evidence of global warming. Hundreds of species become extinct every day because we are cutting down the rain forests. All around the earth, environmentalists are pointing out devastation. There is hardly a day that passes by without alarming news reports about climate change. Hurricanes, typhoons, floods, tsunamis and droug hts have become more frequent, more ferocious. It is mankind’s responsibility to monitor their behaviour and attitudes towards the environment and to strive towards a greater solidarity with people and the planet.However this is not being practiced mainly because most people are not aware of how far the environment has been affected by our continuous exploitation of it. One way we can exhibit respect for creation and reverence for the Creator is by adopting various ways which will help in preserving natural environments, protecting endangered species, labouring to make human environments compatible with local ecology, employing appropriate technology, and carefully evaluating technological innovations, Reverence for the Creator should serve as ground for environmental responsibility.For the very plants and animals, mountains and oceans, which in their loveliness remind us of our creator because of their fragility and uniqueness, are slowly but surely getting extinct. God who brings everything into being and sustains all existence is who we are accountable to, for what we do or fail to do to preserve and care for the earth and all its creatures. Dwelling in the presence of the creator, we begin to experience ourselves as part of creation, as stewards within it, not separate from it.As faithful stewards, fullness of life comes from living responsibly within God's creation. Stewardship implies that we must both care for creation according to standards that are not of our own making and at the same time be resourceful in finding ways to make the earth flourish. It is quite a difficult balance, requiring both a sense of limits and a definite spirit of experimentation. Even as we enjoy nature’s beauty, stewardship places the responsibility for the well-being of all God's creatures. Respect for nature and respect for human life are inextricably related. Respect for life, and above all for the dignity of the human person,†  ¬Pope John Paul II has written, extends also to us stewards, we must not be engaged in cutting down trees for quick or immediate gains and therefore cause environmental degradation. We should rather see the value of tree planting for various reasons. There is the stewardship of the way trees help to support the earth and maintain the environment. We should be responsive to anti-desertification measures such as over-grazing, tree planting and soil conservation. We must also have concern for the use of chemicals.Most agricultural and household chemicals are harmful to the environment. God has given us to protect and care for the earth, and this can only be done through sustainability, Sustainability of the environment which is a key aspect of Stewardship. God has endowed us with reason and ingenuity that distinguish humans from other creatures. Ingenuity and creativity have enabled us to make remarkable advances and can help us address the problems of environmental degradation; however, we have not always used these endowments wisely. Past actions have produced good works and harmful ones, as well as unforeseen or unintended consequences.As we use the land, we need to heed God’s call to exercise stewardship in a way that respects and protects the integrity of creation and to provide for the common good as well as for economic and social justice. Much of current agricultural development and teaching has been based on selfish motivation that of maximising gain for minimum effort, without consideration for the long term cost to our environment and the world at large. God made the earth in a balanced and integrated way, and yet our actions portray us fighting against the earth rather than protecting it. That incentive grows even stronger when we appreciate that God has placed these gifts at our disposal because of his Love for us and so that we can better serve and please him. Taking action, to join together on the theme of climate change, to tackle this monumental challenge for t he sake of the common good of our common home, now and in the future. As Christians, we are grateful for the gift of creation and we must therefore work towards ensuring that we raise the moral issue of the urgency of the environmental crisis.As individuals, as institutions, as nations we need a change of heart to preserve and protect the planet for our fellow creatures and generations to come. As Stewards, we should see the earth in a different light from others involved in human development. Our perspective shares the concern of many environmentalists but in a different way. Because we now know that most of the climate change problems result from human activity it is the responsibility of each one of us to monitor our behaviour and attitudes towards the environment and to strive towards a greater solidarity with people and the planet.The pursuit of Peace – lasting peace based on justice – should to be an environmental priority because the earth itself bears the wound s and scars of war. Likewise, our efforts to defend the dignity and rights of the poor and of workers, to use the strength of our market economy to meet basic human needs, and to press for greater national and global economic justice are dearly linked to efforts to preserve and sustain the earth. These are not distinct and separate issues but complimentary challenges. We need to help build bridges among the peace, justice, and environmental agendas and constituencies. – Prepared by Maria Fernandez

The Effect of Online Games to the Academic Performance of First Year Students Essay Example

The Effect of Online Games to the Academic Performance of First Year Students Essay Example The Effect of Online Games to the Academic Performance of First Year Students Paper The Effect of Online Games to the Academic Performance of First Year Students Paper Essay Topic: Academic Effects of Online Games The Effect of Online Games to the Academic Performance of First Year Students of Smcl in Year 2010-2011 (Completed from Chap. 1 to 3) CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING 1.1 Introduction As time passes by, technology continues to evolve. Because of technology, new things were created that sustains and lightens human work. Computers were created because of technology. Computers were the greatest things ever invented by man itself. In the modern age, computers have become a part of man’s life. Computers with the aid of modern machines made almost all the things around us. From the edited books, computers made all design, special effects in movies, and televisions etc. Along with the evolution of technology, computers continue to upgrade as well until the time that computer has now become a part of man’s everyday life that are hooked to computers. Computers can now edit documents to your PC, play mini games, search information you need using the internet, save documents to your PC and play online games. It’s like an all-in-one gadget that can do all the things you want anytime you need it. Based on the facts on Wikipedia, from 1990 to the present year, online games had a big impact to us especially teenagers. Online games have many genres, including FPS games, MMORPG, Casual games and multiplayer games. A game will become an online game if it involves in using a computer or a series of computers with one player in each computer to battle it out with other players using the Internet depending on the game genre. According to Wikipedia, an online game is a game played over some form of computer network. Online games can range from simple text based games incorporating complex graphics and virtual worlds populated by many players simultaneously. Many online games have associated online communities, making online games a form of social activity. Effects of online games to students: Thesis statement Beyond single player games. That’s why online games are addictive to teenagers. This research focuses on how online gaming affects the academic performance of first year students of SMCL in year 2010-2011. In here, we will know the effects of online gaming to first year students of SMCL to their studies. 1.2 Problem/Purpose The problem is to study on how online gaming affects the academic performance of first year students of SMCL in year 2010-2011’ This research aims to study if online gaming does a positive or negative effect on first year students. The purpose of the research is to get responses from first year students of SMCL in year 2010-2011 to get proofs and ideas on how online gaming affects their academic performance, whether it is positive or negative. 1.3 Conceptual Framework This research’s framework covers about the effects of online gaming to first year students of SMCL in year 2010-2011 in their academic performance. By getting responses to first year students, data is gathered. The research is illustrated using flowchart and explained using IPO method. The Input is the first step to conduct the research. It is enclosed in an oval. The arrow next to it is called flow lines. It indicates the next step to be executed. The Process in the flowchart is enclosed in rectangular boxes. This is the step-by-step method to collect information needed for the research. The process is divided into five rectangular boxes with flow lines indicating the next step to be doned. The Output is the last step if the research. After collecting information from correspondents, data is gathered about the effect of online games to the academic performance of First year students of SMCL in year 2010-2011 and encoded to computer. 1.4 Significance of the Study The study is conducted to collect information on first year students of SMCL in year 2010-2011 regarding the effects of online games in their academic performance. This study is very helpful because those who responded to the survey can help relate their thoughts and ideas to the ff: To College Students: College students that do not play online games can get tips and ideas about how online gaming affects the academic performance of students. To Readers: Readers can get information about how online gaming affects the academic performance of first year students of SMCL in the year 2010-2011 To Teachers: Teachers will become more conscious about their students’ academic performance. 1.5 Scope and Delimitation This study is limited only to first year students if Saint Michael’s College of Laguna. It will be only conducted inside the school/college premises. 1.6 Definition of Terms The terms that are familiar to this research are listed below. They are sorted in alphabetical order: Academic- scholarly of learning. Computer- a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instruction on how the data is to be processed. Internet- is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite. (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks. Online game- is a game played over some form of computer network. Research- systematic investigation to establish facts. Student- person who is studying esp. at a place or higher or further education. Survey- a gathering of a sample of data or popinions considered to be representative of a whole. Technology- the Brach of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science. CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW This research contains related literature that will support the facts about the study. Review of related literature is divided in 4 parts; foreign literature, local literature, foreign studies and local studies. Foreign Literature I. History of Online Gaming According to Aradhana Gupta, online games really blossomed after the year 1995 when the restrictions imparted by the NFSNET (National Science Foundation Network) were removed. This resulted in the access to the complete domain of the internet and hence multi-player games became online ‘literally’ to the maximum possible degree of realism. Today, most of the online games that are present are also free and hence they are able to provide ample resources of enjoyment without the need to spend a single penny. According to Dachary Carey, the history of online gaming includes contributions by many different companies and entities. Online gaming began as multiplayer gaming, but has evolved to include online gaming servers and massively-multiplayer online gaming setting. 1. Multiplayer games started in 1972 with PLATO PLATO was a joint project of the UNIVERSITY of Illinois and Control Data Corporation, which enabled students to interact with other terminals for the purpose of education and computer aided learning. In 1972, new interfaces enabled students to begin creating games, and the world of multiplayer gaming began. 2. MUD was the first network game MUD in 1978 spawned a genre of network based games, enabling players on the network to interact and explore the MUD game world. MUD games ultimately paved the road for MMORPGs, with the concept of a shared world. 3. MAD on BITNET was the first worldwide multiplayer game In 1984, MAD appeared, and it was the first game to enable worldwide connectivity.MAD was a MUD accessible to anyone on the worldwide computer network, and it lasted for two years. 4. Maze War fueled development of server-host gaming Simultaneously to the development of MUDs and BITNET, a game called Maze War, which originated with NASA in 1973, was helping to fuel development of server-host gaming. Maze War paved the way for two computers connecting directly in a peer-to-peer connection, computers connecting to a server and games hosting on the server with local workstations. 5. Neverwinter Nights was the first graphical MMORPG Ð ´aunched to AOL customers in 1991, Neverwinter Nights was the first graphical MMORPG. It was integral to the development of future MMO games. 6. Doom paved the way as a first person shooter multiplayer game Doom made major landmarks as a first-person shooter game with multiplayer capabilities in 1993. You should connect and play with others via local network, or you could direct dial to other folks via your modem. Dom also spawned the creation of DWANGO, an independent service that matched players up online to promote multiplayer gaming. . Quake paved the way for modern multiplayer gaming Quake was similar to and followed Doom in 1996, but it was revolutionary for the development of one extremely important bit of technology: client-side prediction. Quakeworld introduced the concept of client-side prediction, which drastically reduced lag and made it possible for multiplayer to game simultaneously without significant server delays. 8. Ultima Online was the beginning of MMOs Massively multiplayer online games really took off with the release of Ultima Online. Quakeworld refined the technology, and Ultima Online introduced game world where players could freely interact and pummel each other. Today’s online gaming owes much to these predecessors. II. Effects of Online Gaming According to Science Daily (Oct. 22, 2007), Joshua Smyth, Associate professor of psychology in The College of Arts and Sciences of Syracuse University, recently conducted a randomized trial study of college students contrasting the effects of playing online socially interconnected video games with more traditional single player or arcade-style games. Smyth’s research found that online, socially integrated multiplayer games create greater negative consequences (decreased health, well-being, sleep, socialization and academic work) but also garner far greater positive results (greater enjoyment in playing, increased interest in continuing play and a rise in the acquisition of new friendships) than do single-player games. Based on the facts of Searle Huh of University of Southern California and Nicholas David Bowman of Michigan State University in April 26, 2008, with the growing popularity on online video games, there have been anecdotal reports suggesting that these games are highly addictive, with some gamers spending in excess of 40 to 5 o 50 hours per week playing. Thus, research into individual characteristics that lead to excessive play is warranted. Computer games as a leisure activity have become an ever-increasing part of many young people’s day-today lives (Griffiths Davis; Durkin, 2006). More recently, with the rapid diffusion of broadband Internet services and high-end graphic cards for computers and console systems, online videos-games- games played over a certain online networks- have become more popular and attractive than ever before (Sherry Bowman, in press). In the history of online gaming, Aradhana Gupta stated that online games blossomed after the year 1995 while Dachary Carey stated that the history of online gaming includes contributions by many different companies and entities In the effects of online gaming, based on the facts of ScienceDaily in October 22, 2007, Joshua Smyth found out that online socially integrated multiplayer integrated multiplayer games create greater negative consequences but also garner far higher good results than do single player games, while Searle Huh and Nicholas David explained that online games are highly addictive. This shows that online gaming is really addictive, especially to students. 2.2 Local literature about the effects of online games According to Philippine Communications Today by Maslog C. of 1998, one social problem that has been observed is that the Internet cafe observed is that the Internet cafe has become mainly game centers. About one-half to m two-thirds of the computer in a typical Internet cafe, according to one study, are devoted to games (violent and gory games). The use of the remaining computers was roughly split between browsing, email, online chat, word processing and research. The Internet cafes have become not just game centres. They are becoming centres of addiction among the youth, mostly boys, including elementary school pupils. According to one concerned Internet cafe entrepreneur, â€Å"Internet cafes are seducing youths to a new form of addiction, one which may not destroy their bodies as drugs do, but, which is certainly twisting their minds. To the young, play is reality and reality is play†. 2.3 Foreign literature about online games According to Helsingin Salomat, a cross-national World Health Organization study carried out in 2002 and published in June shows that around 20% of Finnish boys between the ages of 13 a and 15 spend more than three hours a day at the computer playing online games. The figures for â€Å"heavy user† girls in the same age group are only between 2% and 3%. In terms of the large gender difference, Finland was among the most striking examples in the entire study. Based on the facts of J.A Jacko in 2009, according to the empirical evidence, researchers found out a sense of presence, commonly defined, as â€Å"sense of being there† is an important factor for the online game users. Both studies stated that online games are really addictive to anyone who are hooked here. 2.4 Local studies about computer games Based on the facts of Justin Visda, Heinson Tan and Bryan Yaranon, online games are hard to resist, particularly if it’s only around our environment. Students find it happy and enjoyable and they eventually forget their tasks and problems, but it does a bad effect to them, which is called addiction. According to them, addiction is too much playing, and it cannot be resisted because most of the youth tells that they are bored with their everyday lives, especially to their studies. That’s why online games is addictive and it gives them enjoyment. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY According to Garcia, the methodology is the chapter 3 of research papers. From all the short research papers, the methodology is already stated at start and other additional details about the methods used are only stated in the appendix. But from one scientific research statement, the methodology is one of the most important chapter that contains methods used in researching. According to Bernales, this chapter is divided into one of the following parts: 3.1 Research Design The research design clearly states what kind of research is conducted on the present study. He stated that the most common and simple kind of research which is known as descriptive-analytic which is a kind of research design for data gathering and information relating to the factors of the research topic. The researcher will use a descriptive-analytic research for it involves the present time of today’s society. The researcher chose this kind of research design because the study does not require complicated statistical explanations and it is the most commonly used research design which is very easy to handle. 3.2 Sampling Design According to Bernales, sampling design refers to the correspondents of survey if how many are they and why they are chosen. The researcher will choose the first year students of Saint Michael’s College of Laguna in year 2010-2011, as the primary respondents. These first tear students are divided into five courses: ACT-1, BSED-1 (regardless of major), BSN-1, AHRM-1, and BSBA-1. The researcher will get 10 correspondents from each of the five courses for data gathering. The researcher chose them as correspondents for the research because most first year college students are hooked into online gaming. 3.3 Research Instrument According to Garcia, in this part, the researcher explains the details and methods used in data gathering which is needed and used in order to solve the problems stated in the study. Its content must fit to the kind of research that issued in the study. The researcher will use survey questionnaires as an instrument for data gathering. Correspondents that are covered by data gathering are ten students from each first year college course of Saint Michael’s College of Laguna in the year 2010-2011. the researcher will be able to gather data if the correspondents have free time to fill up the survey questionnaires. It’s not going to be easy for the researcher to gather data from correspondents because not every time the correspondents are around inside the campus. 3. 4 Statistical Treatment of Data According to Bernales, treatment of data explains what statistical plan is used in order for the numerical data is stated. Since this is a research paper only, according to Bernales, it doesn’t need to use complex statistic treatments. It is enough to get the percentage after tallying all the answers from the questionnaire from the correspondents. After the researcher gathered all the data from the respondents, data will now be treated and process. The researcher will use a simple statistics that will be used for tallying the percentage of certain topic from the questionnaire which is written below. Count of chosen answers from the questionnaire Number of respondents The statistics which is written above will be applied after the data is treated and processed. %= INPUT Gather information using survey questionnaire Generate survey questionnaires for thesis statement Distribute survey questionnaire to correspondents PROCESS Correspondents fill up survey questionnaires Retrieve filled-up survey questionnaires from correspondents Get related ideas and topics on survey questionnaires Information about the effect of online games of First year students of SMCL in year 2010-2011 are now gathered and encoded to PC OUTPUT